What a Cladogram Is (and Isn’t) The cladogram represents a hypothetical relationship between groups of organisms, including their common ancestors. It is derived from the Greek words clados, which means “branch,” and gramma, which means “character.” It resembles the branches of a tree that extend outward from the trunk. A cladogram, however, does not necessarily … Read more
During a redox reaction, an oxidant oxidizes or removes electrons from other reactants. In addition to oxidant, oxidizer and oxidizing agent are also terms used to describe oxidants. Oxidants that contain oxygen are called oxygenation reagents or oxygen-atom transfer agents (OTs). How Oxidants Work One or more electrons are removed from another reactant by an … Read more
Workplace culture affects every aspect of an organization, from employee engagement and retention to overall productivity and company performance. It is much more than team morale. It includes corporate values, how managers handle employee development and feedback, and the quality of communication from senior leadership. Recent research shows 83% of US workers suffer from work-related … Read more
Understanding the Temperature of a Flame During a combustion reaction, chemical bonds are broken and thermal energy (heat) is released. Fuel and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide and water during combustion. Initially, the reaction requires energy to break bonds in the fuel and between oxygen atoms, but the amount of energy released when atoms … Read more
College is not just about getting a degree. It’s also about preparing yourself for life after college. With that in mind, there are certain books that every student should read before they graduate to help them gain the knowledge and skills they need to be successful. From understanding the basics of business to developing an … Read more
As an entrepreneur, having an entrepreneurial mindset is essential to your success. An entrepreneurial mindset is the set of values, beliefs, and habits that give you the edge you need to be successful in business—the ability to think and act like an entrepreneur separates successful entrepreneurs from the rest. Developing an entrepreneurial mindset isn’t something … Read more
The 2,200 or so species of termites living in the tropics have been munching away on wood for more than 250 million years, long before humans built their homes from wood. By feeding on cellulose, the main component of plants’ cell walls, termites recycle wood products into the soil. Most termite damage is caused by … Read more
Many types of evidence support evolution, including studies in molecular biology, such as DNA, and developmental biology. Anatomical comparisons between species are the most common type of evidence for evolution. An analogous structure shows how different species have evolved to become more similar from their ancient ancestors, whereas homologous structures show how similar species have … Read more
“Pterodactyl” refers to two famous pterosaurs of the Mesozoic Era, Pteranodon and Pterodactylus. Ironically, these two winged reptiles were not all that closely related. Discover ten essential facts about these so-called “pterodactyls” that every prehistoric life enthusiast should know. There’s No Such Thing as a Pterodactyl “Pterodactyl” became the pop-culture term for pterosaurs in general, and for … Read more
A group of laws known as the Granger laws were enacted by Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois in the late 1860s and early 1870s to regulate rapidly rising crop transport and storage fees. The Granger Movement, a group of farmers affiliated with the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, promoted passage of … Read more